{"id":7020,"date":"2025-05-05T12:56:08","date_gmt":"2025-05-05T12:56:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ultrax.ai\/?p=7020"},"modified":"2025-05-05T13:49:04","modified_gmt":"2025-05-05T13:49:04","slug":"effects-of-strength-speed-and-non-specific-resistance-training-on-fvp","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ultrax.ai\/hr\/trainings\/effects-of-strength-speed-and-non-specific-resistance-training-on-fvp\/","title":{"rendered":"Utjecaj treninga snage, brzine i nespecifi\u010dnog treninga otpora na FVP profil"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ja<\/strong>uvod<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nogomet je fizi\u010dki zahtjevan sport koji zahtijeva kombinaciju aerobne i anaerobne kondicije. Nogometa\u0161i moraju sprintati, brzo ubrzavati i mijenjati smjer kako bi pobijedili svoje protivnike (Taylor i sur., 2004., 2017.). Udaljenost tr\u010danja velikom brzinom (HSR) (> 19,8 km\/h -1) i sprinta (> 25,1 km\/h -1) pozitivno je povezana s brojem utakmica koje je mom\u010dad dobila (Chmura i sur., 2018.). Nadalje, sposobnost odr\u017eavanja HSR-a i sprinta tijekom cijele nogometne utakmice klju\u010dna je karakteristika profesionalnih nogometa\u0161a (Chmura i sur., 2017.). Konkretno, u profesionalnom mu\u0161kom nogometu, prije\u0111ena udaljenost brzinom <\/p>\n\n\n\n

vezan uz HSR i sprint bio je oko 760 m odnosno 200 m (Gualtieri i sur., 2023.). Nadalje, linearno sprintanje identificirano je kao naj\u010de\u0161\u0107a lokomotivna radnja koja prethodi situacijama postizanja gola, a izvodi je ili igra\u010d koji posti\u017ee gol ili onaj koji asistira (Mart\u00ednez-Hern\u00e1ndez i sur., 2023.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Testiranje brzine postalo je sastavni dio procjene performansi u nogometu zbog zna\u010dajne uloge koju brzina igra u sportu (Gualtieri i sur., 2023.). Mjerenje individualne sprint performanse temeljna je komponenta procjene sportske performanse (Altmann i sur., 2019.; Keir i sur., 2013., Buchheit i sur., 2012.). To se mo\u017ee procijeniti testiranjem linearne brzine sprinta na razli\u010ditim udaljenostima, uklju\u010duju\u0107i ubrzanje i maksimalnu brzinu sprinta (Altman i sur. 2019.). Na sprint performanse utje\u010de nekoliko klju\u010dnih \u010dimbenika: maksimalna izlazna snaga, karakteristike sile i brzine donjih udova (Haugen i sur., 2019.) i tehnika sprinta (Willer i sur., 2024.). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stoga, oslanjanje isklju\u010divo na vremena sprinta za procjenu sprint performansi mo\u017eda ne\u0107e u potpunosti obuhvatiti sve \u010dimbenike koji joj doprinose (Samozino i sur., 2022.). Kako bi se dobilo dublje razumijevanje biomehani\u010dkih i neuromuskularnih sposobnosti sporta\u0161a koje odre\u0111uju performanse, Samozino i sur. (2014.) predlo\u017eili su obe\u0107avaju\u0107u metodu. Ova metoda pru\u017ea dublje razumijevanje mehanike sprinta analizom temeljnih metrika kao \u0161to su maksimalna teorijska horizontalna sila i brzina (Fh0 i Vh0). Osim toga, omogu\u0107uje izra\u010dun maksimalne horizontalne snage (Phmax) i maksimalne brzine postignute na kraju ubrzanja (Vmax) (Samozino i sur., 2022.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kori\u0161tenje profila sila-brzina-snaga (FVP) nudi vrijedne uvide u individualizirani recept za trening. Na primjer, osobe s nedostatkom sile dale bi prioritet pove\u0107anju Fh0 kako bi smanjile neravnote\u017eu sile i brzine (FVimb), dok bi se oni s nedostatkom brzine usredoto\u010dili na suprotnu strategiju (Morin i Samozino, 2016.; Jim\u00e9nez-Reyes i sur., 2017., 2019.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rezultati takvog treninga doveli su do pove\u0107anja visine skoka i smanjenja FVimb, me\u0111utim, nije bilo promjene u maksimalnoj snazi (Pmax). Mi\u0161i\u0107na snaga sna\u017ean je prediktor eksplozivnih sportskih performansi (Sleivert & Taingahue, 2004.; Harris i sur., 2008.; Morris i sur., 2022.). Orijentacija vektora sile u skoku je prvenstveno vertikalna, \u0161to zna\u010di da su biomehani\u010dki i fiziolo\u0161ki zahtjevi ovih aktivnosti razli\u010diti, \u0161to zahtijeva specifi\u010dne zadatke. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

assessments to accurately capture an athlete\u2019s performance capabilities (Randell et. al., 2010; Marcote-Peque\u00f1o et. al., 2019). Therefore, it is questionable if individualized FVimb training, based on jump FVP profile, is relevant for improvement in other athletic tasks (e.g., sprinting).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In recent years, the sprint-derived FVP profile has gained popularity for its use in personalizing resistance training and assessing its effectiveness. A recent study showed that changes in FVimb were unrelated to changes in 10 and 30 m sprint split time (Lindberg et al., 2021). Maximal strength training increases the ability of muscles to produce force (and thus increases Fh0), while training at high- velocity conditions (i.e., ballistic training) increases the Vh0 (Jim\u00e9nez-Reyes et al., 2019). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Postoje jaki dokazi da kratkotrajna intervencija koja uklju\u010duje trening snage ili balisti\u010dki trening kod mladih mu\u0161karaca zna\u010dajno pobolj\u0161ava atletske performanse (npr. sprint) (Cormie i sur., 2007.; Wilson i sur., 1993.; H\u00e4kkinen i sur., 1985.), \u0161to zauzvrat ima zna\u010dajan i specifi\u010dan utjecaj na FVP profil. Norgeot i Four\u00e9 (2024.) proveli su 8-tjedni pliometrijski program treninga s mladim nogometa\u0161ima. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The participants in the study were divided in two training groups performing either vertical (n = 14; age: 14.5 \u00b1 0.5 years) or horizontal (n = 14; age: 14.5 \u00b1 0.5 years) plyometric training. The results demonstrated significant improvements in both groups for sprint times (from \u22125.5% to \u22128.7%) and FVP parameters. Higher relative improvements were observed in the horizontal group compared to the vertical group for 5m and 15m sprint times and FVP parameters, particularly in Pmax (vertical: +16.4% vs. horizontal: +28.1%) and decrease in ratio of force (+22.9%) during the 30m sprint. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nadalje, Bettariga i suradnici (2023.) proveli su studiju u kojoj je dvadeset \u010detiri amaterska odrasla nogometa\u0161a mu\u0161kog spola (dob: 25,4 \u00b1 4,9) nasumi\u010dno raspore\u0111eno u skupinu za 6-tjedni unilateralni trening snage i balisti\u010dkog skoka (n = 12) ili u kontrolnu skupinu (n = 12). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 6 weeks of training, the experimental group, showed small to moderate significant improvements in sprint split time from 10 to 30 meter (g = 0.64\u20130.81), as well as in the following mechanical parameters: Vh0 (g = 50.81), Pmax (g = 50.49), the maximal ratio of horizontal-to-resultant force (g = 50.55), Vopt (g = 5 0.83), and Max speed (g = 520.84). It seems that to improve performance, the main goal should be to shift the entire FVP curve of an athlete\u2019s FVP profile to the right, and with that improve power across the entire FVP continuum. Consequently, this raises the question of the necessity for individualized training programs tailored specifically to an athlete\u2019s sprinting FVP characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malo se zna o tome pobolj\u0161avaju li balisti\u010dki ili trening snage FVP profile mladih nogometa\u0161a. Nadalje, ostaje nejasno utje\u010du li mehanizmi koji le\u017ee u osnovi prilagodbi FVP profila zna\u010dajno na sportske performanse. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stoga je cilj ove studije bio istra\u017eiti ho\u0107e li intervencije treninga snage ili balisti\u010dkog treninga dovesti do prilagodbi u FVP profilu nogometa\u0161a, \u0161to \u0107e rezultirati pobolj\u0161anim atletskim performansama. Pretpostavili smo da \u0107e skupina koja se fokusira na trening brzine do\u017eivjeti zna\u010dajno pobolj\u0161anje Vh0, dok \u0107e skupina koja se fokusira na trening snage pokazati zna\u010dajno pobolj\u0161anje Fh0. Na\u0161a druga hipoteza bila je da \u0107e skupina brzine pobolj\u0161ati svoje vrijeme sprinta u ve\u0107oj mjeri u usporedbi sa skupinom snage. Ove informacije pomo\u0107i \u0107e prakti\u010darima da razviju u\u010dinkovite programe treninga koji \u0107e pomo\u0107i u razvoju sporta\u0161a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Metode<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Dizajn studije<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Koristili smo dizajn studije s paralelnim skupinama, randomiziranim kontroliranim ispitivanjem. Sudionici su nasumi\u010dno raspore\u0111eni u intervencijsku ili kontrolnu skupinu (tj. skupinu s mije\u0161anim modalitetima) izvla\u010denjem kartica iz neprozirnih zatvorenih omotnica. Nakon randomizacije radi raspodjele sudionika u intervencijsku i skupinu s mije\u0161anim modalitetima, sudionici u intervencijskoj skupini raspore\u0111eni su u dvije skupine. To\u010dnije, u na\u0161oj studiji sporta\u0161i nisu trenirali prema svom optimalnom FVP profilu ili prema njemu, budu\u0107i da prethodne studije nisu pokazale razliku izme\u0111u ova dva modaliteta treninga (Lindberg i sur., 2021.). Omjer 1:1:1 kori\u0161ten je izme\u0111u eksperimentalne i skupine s mije\u0161anim modalitetima kako bi se osigurao dovoljan broj sudionika u intervencijskoj skupini. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sporta\u0161e smo nasumi\u010dno rasporedili u skupinu snage (n = 8), gdje se program sastojao od vje\u017ebi s visokim optere\u0107enjima i u skupinu brzine (n = 8), gdje se program sastojao od vje\u017ebi s niskim optere\u0107enjima i velikom brzinom. Skupina s mije\u0161anim na\u010dinom vje\u017ebanja (n = 8) sudjelovala je u osnovnom preventivnom re\u017eimu treninga, temeljenom na programu FIFA 11+ (Barengo i sur., 2014.), bez vje\u017ebi tr\u010danja, a osmislio ga je i nadzirao njihov trener snage. Ovaj re\u017eim uklju\u010divao je kombinaciju razli\u010ditih vje\u017ebi usmjerenih na prevenciju ozljeda i ukupnu atletsku kondiciju. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Intervencija se sastojala od 2 sesije tjedno tijekom 6 tjedana, uklju\u010duju\u0107i skupinu s mije\u0161anim na\u010dinom vje\u017ebanja. Sesije je nadzirao istra\u017eiva\u010dki tim kako bi se osigurala pravilna izvedba programa. Svaki se program sastojao od 3 vje\u017ebe, izvo\u0111ene u 3-4 serije (za vi\u0161e detalja pogledajte Tablicu 1). Intenzitet vje\u017ebanja kontroliran je s % 1RM i pravilno je napredovao tijekom 6 tjedana. Napredak je postignut smanjenjem broja ponavljanja u seriji i pove\u0107anjem intenziteta ponavljanja. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sudionici<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Za ovo istra\u017eivanje regrutirali smo uzorak od 24 mu\u0161ka profesionalna mlada nogometa\u0161a (dob: 17,6 \u00b1 0,9 godina; tjelesna visina: 1,81 \u00b1 0,06, tjelesna masa: 72,0 \u00b1 8,1 kg), iz dvije razli\u010dite dobne kategorije (U17 i U19). Svi igra\u010di redovito se bave nogometom (minimalno 5 treninga tjedno) i treningom otpora (minimalno 2 treninga tjedno) u omladinskoj akademiji profesionalnog nogometnog kluba. Sudionici su isklju\u010deni ako su prijavili bilo kakve mi\u0161i\u0107no-ko\u0161tane ozljede, sindrome boli u posljednjoj godini ili bilo koja druga medicinska stanja koja bi se mogla pogor\u0161ati postupkom mjerenja. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sudionici su obavije\u0161teni o detaljima protokola i morali su potpisati informirani pristanak prije po\u010detka mjerenja. Protokol je proveden u skladu s najnovijom revizijom Helsin\u0161ke deklaracije. Eksperimentalne postupke pregledao je i odobrio Nacionalni odbor za medicinsku etiku Republike Slovenije (br. 0120\u2013690\/2017\/8).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Procjena<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Svim sudionicima je re\u010deno da se pripreme za dane testiranja kao \u0161to bi se pripremili za normalan trening te da svaki dan testiranja koriste istu obu\u0107u i odje\u0107u. Tako\u0111er im je re\u010deno da se suzdr\u017ee od napornih aktivnosti 48 sati prije testiranja. Prije zagrijavanja, tjelesna masa je izmjerena u spravama za trening. Procjene su provedene na nogometnom terenu. Sudionici su proveli standardizirano zagrijavanje, koje se sastojalo od 10 minuta laganog tr\u010danja, 5 minuta dinami\u010dkog istezanja i 5 minuta dinami\u010dkih vje\u017ebi za zagrijavanje glavnih mi\u0161i\u0107a za sprint (iskorak, horizontalni skokovi i ubrzanja). Tako\u0111er su izveli dva sprinta za zagrijavanje na testnoj udaljenosti u svrhu aktivacije.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sudionici su rutinski izvodili sprinteve na kra\u0107im udaljenostima i bili su uklju\u010deni u sli\u010dne postupke testiranja tijekom godina trena\u017enog procesa, stoga nije provedena sesija upoznavanja. Sprint je procijenjen pomo\u0107u pet pari laserskih mjera\u010da vremena s jednom zrakom (Brower Timing Systems, Draper, UT, SAD), koji su bili postavljeni u razini kukova i bilje\u017eili su me\u0111uvremena sprinta s to\u010dno\u0161\u0107u od 0,001 sekunde. Sprintevi su se izvodili na 30 metara. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

FVP profil procijenjen je na temelju podataka o vremenu sprinta prema metodi koju su predlo\u017eili Samozino i suradnici (2016.). Sudionici su svaki sprint zapo\u010dinjali 30 cm iza startne linije kako bi sprije\u010dili prerano okidanje. Stoga smo primijenili korekciju od 0,5 s, kako je preporu\u010deno u literaturi (Haugen i suradnici, 2012.). Kori\u0161ten je start iz mjesta, a ispitanici su mogli slobodno odabrati svoju prednju nogu, \u0161to je odr\u017eavano konstantnim kroz sva ponavljanja. Ispitanicima je re\u010deno da \u0161to br\u017ee sprintaju od startne linije kroz sve setove vremenskih vrata. Izvr\u0161ena su tri poku\u0161aja, a pauze izme\u0111u ponavljanja postavljene su na 2 minute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Intervencija<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Sudionici su u prosjeku trenirali tjedno 10 sati, \u0161to se sastojalo od 5 nogometnih treninga i 2 treninga otpora. Intervencija je provedena u pripremnom razdoblju nogometne sezone, stoga je tijekom tog vremena odigrana samo 1 prijateljska utakmica tjedno. Prethodni test je proveden tjedan dana prije, a post-test tjedan dana nakon intervencije. Sporta\u0161i su podvrgnuti procjeni u isto doba dana i prije i poslije intervencije. Svaki je igra\u010d izveo test sprinta na 30 m. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nakon procjena, sudionici su podijeljeni u mje\u0161ovitu skupinu (n = 8; 70,6 \u00b1 7,32 kg; 1,81 \u00b1 0,05) i intervencijsku skupinu, koja se sastojala od 2 podskupine, skupine snage (n = 8; 74,5 \u00b1 10,2 kg; 1,80 \u00b1 0,07) i skupine brzine (n = 8; 71,1 \u00b1 7,00 kg; 1,82 \u00b1 0,06).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Program treninga otpora sastojao se od 2 sesije tjedno, tijekom 6 tjedana (ukupno 12 sesija). Sesije treninga otpora bile su odvojene s najmanje 48 sati kako bi se smanjio u\u010dinak neuromuskularnog umora. Zbog specifi\u010dnosti prilagodbe brzini kontrakcije (Cormie i sur., 2011.), programi snage usredoto\u010dili su se na slo\u017eene vje\u017ebe s velikim optere\u0107enjem (> 70% 1RM), pri niskim brzinama kontrakcije, a programi brzine usredoto\u010dili su se na pomicanje tjelesne mase sporta\u0161a ili niska vanjska optere\u0107enja (20-50% 1RM) pri visokim brzinama kontrakcije. Oba programa sastojala su se od 3 vje\u017ebe po treningu i 6 vje\u017ebi tjedno. To\u010dnije, bilo je 6 vje\u017ebi s vi\u0161e zglobova, gdje su se oba programa sastojala od 2 unilateralne vje\u017ebe, 2 bilateralne vje\u017ebe i 1 vje\u017ebe temeljene na sprintu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nadalje, intervencijska skupina nastavila je s redovitim preventivnim vje\u017ebama i vje\u017ebama za gornji dio tijela. Tijekom intervencijskog razdoblja, skupina s mije\u0161anim na\u010dinom vje\u017ebanja nastavila je s redovitim treningom otpora koji se sastojao od kombinacije vje\u017ebi snage i balisti\u010dkih vje\u017ebi. Prije intervencije, istra\u017eiva\u010dki tim obu\u010dio je trenere snage i kondicije imenovane za nadzor treninga otpora kako bi se osiguralo pravilno izvo\u0111enje vje\u017ebi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Intenzitet vje\u017ebi otpora bio je propisan i kontroliran pomo\u0107u % RM-a (koji su redovito testirali treneri snage i kondicije kako bi odredili intenzitet vje\u017ebanja). Tamo gdje nismo mogli koristiti % RM, koristili smo samoprocjenu ponavljanja u rezervi (RIR) s rasponima ponavljanja koji odgovaraju odre\u0111enom intenzitetu (Helms i sur. 2018.). Igra\u010di su ve\u0107 bili upoznati s kori\u0161tenjem RIR-a, jer se to redovito koristilo u njihovim timovima. Planovi treninga prikazani su u tablicama u nastavku. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Analiza podataka<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Za procjenu FVP profila sporta\u0161a kori\u0161tena je metoda koju su opisali Samozino i suradnici (2016.). Za svakog ispitanika, \u010detiri me\u0111uvremena na 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 i 20-30 m kori\u0161tena su za odre\u0111ivanje ishodnih mjera FVP odnosa. Podaci o me\u0111uvremenu, tjelesnoj masi i tjelesnoj visini kori\u0161teni su s Excel predlo\u0161cima dizajniranim na temelju Samozinove pojednostavljene metode (Samozino i suradnici, 2016.). Na temelju mjerenja jedne sprinterske akcije, podaci o brzini i vremenu prikupljeni su foto\u0107elijama. Nakon toga, na sirove podatke o brzini i vremenu primijenjena je monoeksponencijalna funkcija. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Horizontalna sila i brzina (Fh i Vh) prikazane su grafi\u010dki kako bi se odredio odnos sila-brzina-snaga (FVP) i njegove mehani\u010dke varijable. Fh0 i Vh0 prikazani su kao odsje\u010dci y i x osi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maksimalna horizontalna snaga (Phmax) izra\u010dunata je kao interakcija izme\u0111u Fh0 i Vh0. Osim toga, nagib odnosa sile i brzine (FV) ocrtava mehani\u010dki profil FV (SFV), \u0161to ukazuje na individualnu ravnote\u017eu izme\u0111u atributa sile i brzine. Nadalje, ovaj pristup kori\u0161ten je za procjenu mehani\u010dke u\u010dinkovitosti sprinta, posebno maksimalnog omjera horizontalne i rezultantne sile (RF). Osim toga, linearno smanjenje RF tijekom sprinta okarakterizirano je kao smanjenje omjera sila (DRF) (Morin i sur., 2011.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Statisti\u010dka analiza<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"ExerciseStrengthSprint\"
Tablica 1. <\/strong>Detalji intervencije u treningu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Podaci su prikazani kao srednje vrijednosti \u00b1 standardne devijacije, minimalne i maksimalne vrijednosti. Normalnost distribucije podataka za sve varijable provjerena je Shapiro-Wilkovim testom. Homoskedasti\u010dnost je odre\u0111ena Leveneovim testom. U\u010dinci treninga procijenjeni su mije\u0161anom ANOVA-om sa skupinom (snaga, brzina i mije\u0161ana modalnost) kao faktorom izme\u0111u ispitanika i vremenom (prije i poslije intervencije) kao faktorom unutar ispitanika. Veli\u010dine u\u010dinaka odre\u0111ene su parcijalnim eta-kvadratom (\u03b72) i smatrane su trivijalnim (< 0,003), malim (0,01), umjerenim (0,06), velikim (> 0,154) (Lenhard i Lenhard, 2016). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Additionally, the Bonferroni- corrected post-hoc tests were performed in order to identify if significant changes occurred within each group, and the effect sizes were determined using Cohen\u2019s d, which was interpreted as trivial (<0.10), small (0.40), moderate (0.70), large (>0.80) (Lenhard & Lenhard, 2016). Moreover, differences between pre-and post-intervention for each individual group were assessed with paired t-test. The threshold for statistical significance was set at \u03b1 < 0.05 and all analyses were carried out in SPSS statistical software (version 25.0, IBM, USA). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rezultati<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Svi sudionici su tijekom \u0161est tjedana odradili 12 treninga s otporom. Na po\u010detku je osam sudionika raspore\u0111eno u skupinu brzine, osam sudionika u skupinu snage i osam u skupinu mije\u0161ane modalnosti. Tablica 1 prikazuje po\u010detne podatke predstavljene kao prosjek, standardna devijacija i raspon (od minimuma do maksimuma). Sprint na udaljenosti od 5 m pokazao je umjerenu pouzdanost (ICC = 0,672), dok je sprint na 10 m i 20 m pokazao izvrsnu relativnu pouzdanost. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Tablica 2. <\/strong>Osnovne vrijednosti varijabli studije na razini cijelog uzorka.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

(ICC = 0,948-0,975) i 30 m pokazale su dobru pouzdanost (ICC = 0,779). Apsolutna pouzdanost bila je prihvatljiva za sve sprinterske udaljenosti (CV = 1,31-2,50).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Data for each group at pre-intervention and post- intervention time points and changes that occurred from pre-to-post-intervention are shown in Table 3. ANOVA did not show a significant group \u00d7 time for any variable (p = 0.074-880). Furthermore, ANOVA was significant for time changes (differences between pre-and post-intervention) for all sprint distances (p = 0.000, \u03b72 = 0.321-0.752) except for 20m (p = 0.633). The effect size ranged from small in 30m (Cohen\u2019s d = -0.56-0.77) to large in 5m and 10m (Cohen\u2019s d = 1.05-3.31) sprint split time. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Additionally, post-hoc test showed no differences between groups for any sprint distance. Regarding the FVP profile, all parameters showed significant differences between pre-and post-intervention (p = 0.000-0.049; \u03b72 = 0.170-0.730), except for Vh0 and Vmax (p = 0.339-0.973). Large effect sizes were observed across all groups in Fh0, Pmax, SFV, RF, and DRF, with Cohen\u2019s d ranging from -3.38 to 3.50, with slightly higer values in the mix modality group. Moreover, post-hoc test showed significant differences between the mixed-modality group and strength group for Pmax and RF (p = 0.013-0.026).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rasprava<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Glavni cilj ove studije bio je usporediti u\u010dinke programa treninga snage i brzine s otporom na varijable fizi\u010dkih performansi izvedene iz sprint FVP profila profesionalnih mladih nogometa\u0161a. Koliko znamo, ovo predstavlja prvo istra\u017eivanje o tome kako trena\u017ene intervencije temeljene na snazi i brzini utje\u010du na FVP profil u ovoj populaciji. Glavni nalaz ove studije bio je da su, bez obzira na protokol treninga, mladi nogometa\u0161i pobolj\u0161ali svoje sprinterske sposobnosti (tj. vremena sprinta) tijekom 6-tjednog razdoblja treninga. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Furthermore, we saw an improvement in FVP profile variables (Fh0, Phmax, SFV, RF and DRF) in all the experimental groups. Moreover, the strength group tended to a greater improvement in RF and Phmax compared to the mixed-modality group. Lastly, no group presented a significant change in Vh0 and Vmax. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Me\u0111uvremena za 5 m, 10 m i 30 m pobolj\u0161ala su se u sve tri trena\u017ene skupine bez zna\u010dajne razlike me\u0111u njima. Rezultati se mogu interpretirati na dva na\u010dina: a.) pobolj\u0161anje brzine zahtijeva odgovaraju\u0107i volumen i intenzitet treninga otpora i b.) kombiniranje nogometnog treninga s FIFA 11+ programom mo\u017ee u\u010dinkovito stimulirati prilagodbu brzine kod mladih nogometa\u0161a. Na\u0161i nalazi sla\u017eu se s rezultatima prethodnih studija. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hammami et al. (2018, 2019) reported that elite young soccer players who performed strength training twice per week for 8 weeks significantly improved their 5m, 10m, 20m, 30m (p \u2264 0.001), and 40m (p \u2264 0.05) sprint times, while the mixed- modality group, which maintained their regular soccer training program, showed no improvement (p > 0.05). Additionally, Hammami et al. (2019) also observed a significant 7% and 6% decrease in 10m and 20m sprint times (p \u2264 0.05), respectively, after 8 weeks of traditional resistance training in young soccer players. Furthermore, Garc\u00eda-Pinillos et. al. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"SpeedModality
Tablica 3. <\/strong>Promjene izme\u0111u varijabli studije prije i poslije intervencije za svaku skupinu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

m = meters; s = seconds; Vh0 = maximal theoretical velocity; Pmax = maximal power; SFV = force-velocity profile slope; RF = ratio between vertical and horizontal ground reaction force; DRF = decrease in ratio of force; Vmax = maximal velocity; * = statistically significant difference between pre and post results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2014), performed a 12-week-long intervention program with youth soccer players, where they did contrast training, combining isometric and plyometric exercises. They reported a significant decrease in 5m, 10m, 20m and 30m sprint time performance (p \u2264 0.05). Norgeot & Four\u00e9 (2024) compared the effects of 8 weeks of vertical and horizontal plyometric training in youth soccer players. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Both training groups experienced significant reductions in 5m, 10m, 15m, and 30m sprint times (p \u2264 0.05). In conclusion, the results of the previous literature in combination with ours, suggest that the combination of resistance exercises, along with moderate volumes of sprint work through soccer training, are sufficient to enhance athletic performance in youth soccer players.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ova studija pru\u017ea uvjerljive dokaze da se nakon 6 tjedana treninga s otporom FVP profil mladih nogometa\u0161a mijenja, bez obzira na vrstu treninga. Izvje\u0161tavamo o statisti\u010dki zna\u010dajnom pobolj\u0161anju Fh0, dok nije bilo promjene Vh0. To bi moglo biti posljedica statusa sazrijevanja i specifi\u010dnih fizi\u010dkih sposobnosti na\u0161ih ispitanika, koji se prete\u017eno bave nogometnim treningom s naglaskom na vje\u017ebe usmjerene na brzinu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na po\u010detku, sve trena\u017ene skupine u ovoj studiji prete\u017eno su se sastojale od nogometa\u0161a s dominacijom brzine (Samozino i sur., 2014.). To bi moglo zna\u010diti da su ispitanici imali ve\u0107i \u201eprozor prilika\u201c za pobolj\u0161anje sile, a ne sposobnosti brzine. Nadalje, mladi nogometa\u0161i u ovoj dobi nalaze se u osjetljivoj fazi razvoja snage (Moran i sur., 2017., Pe\u00f1a-Gonz\u00e1lez i sur., 2019.). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thus, the improvements seen here could be due to a range of neurological adaptations during the early stages of training (e.g., increased muscle activation and rate coding) (Aagaard et al., 2002), which favor the improvement of Fh0 (Fern\u00e1ndez-Galv\u00e1n et. al., 2022, Otero-Esquina et. al. 2017). Furthermore, the higher values of Fh0 and SFV with a concurrent increase in Phmax in post-intervention phase could mean that resistance training (no matter the type) in this age group, favourably affects FVP profile variables and sprint performance. Our study aligns with Lindberg et al. (2021), who also found that training towards an optimal force-velocity profile <\/p>\n\n\n\n

is as effective for improving athletic performance as training without consideration for the athlete\u2019s initial profile. Furthermore, Lahti et. al. (2020), report that after 8 weeks of resisted or assisted sprint training, both groups shifted their FVP profile to a more optimal state. However, only the resisted group showed statistically significant improvement in their 20 m sprint time and Fh0. In contrast to our study, there was no difference in Phmax post-intervention. In line with research conducted by Norgeot & Four\u00e9 (2024), who implemented eight weeks of plyometric training (horizontal versus vertical) with a youth elite soccer team, findings indicate comparable outcomes regarding the alteration of FVP variables. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bez obzira na vrstu pliometrijskog treninga, sudionici su pokazali pobolj\u0161anja u Fh0, Phmax i RFmax. Me\u0111utim, odsutnost kontrolne skupine u njihovoj studiji ostavlja prostora za naga\u0111anja da bi uo\u010dena pobolj\u0161anja mogla isklju\u010divo proiza\u0107i iz nogometnog treninga. Ipak, potrebna su daljnja istra\u017eivanja kako bi se utvrdili potencijalni u\u010dinci FVP profila na navigaciju treningom radi pobolj\u0161anja fizi\u010dkih performansi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Additionally, we report that all three training groups improved their effectiveness of force application from PRE to POST. This can be seen as an improvement of RF (the percentage of the total force generated that is applied horizontally) and DRF (the decrease in the ratio of horizontal-to-resultant force). This is an important factor for successful performance in soccer, as studies show that the technical ability, rather than the capability to produce force is related to the overall sprint performance (Morin et al., 2011). RF improvement arises from optimizing the angle and technical skill with which horizontal force, relative to the total ground reaction force, is applied during the support phase (Hicks et. al., 2023) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Posljedi\u010dno, odr\u017eavanje iste veli\u010dine sile primijenjene na tlo dovodi do pobolj\u0161ane horizontalne promjene brzine tijekom faze oslonca, \u0161to se pripisuje orijentaciji vektora sile reakcije tla (Bezodis i sur., 2021.). Nasuprot tome, nije bilo razlike izme\u0111u skupine brzine i skupine mije\u0161ane modalnosti. Mogu\u0107e je da je kombinacija nogometnog treninga i mije\u0161ane modalnosti treninga otpora (u na\u0161em slu\u010daju FIFA 11+ program) pru\u017eila dovoljno poticaja za pobolj\u0161anje sposobnosti proizvodnje horizontalne sile kod akademskih nogometa\u0161a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ograni\u010denja<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Jedno od ograni\u010denja ove studije je relativno mala veli\u010dina uzorka, \u0161to mo\u017ee utjecati na generalizaciju nalaza i sposobnost otkrivanja statisti\u010dki zna\u010dajnih razlika s tipi\u010dnom alfa razinom od 0,05. Iako smo koristili veli\u010dine u\u010dinaka kao dodatnu mjeru za procjenu prakti\u010dnog zna\u010daja rezultata, mala veli\u010dina uzorka mo\u017ee ograni\u010diti robusnost tih nalaza. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Furthermore, the potential for underpowered statistical tests due to the sample size could lead to an over-reliance on p-values, which may obscure meaningful effects. Future studies with larger sample sizes would be beneficial to more comprehensively evaluate the intervention\u2019s effects and ensure the reliability of the conclusions drawn. Moreover, we did not consider the biological age of our participants. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prepoznavanje biolo\u0161ke dobi sporta\u0161a moglo bi biti klju\u010dno, posebno unutar ove dobne skupine koju karakterizira zna\u010dajna varijabilnost u statusu sazrijevanja. Te su varijacije povezane s razli\u010ditim hormonalnim odgovorima na odre\u0111eni podra\u017eaj. Stoga je razumijevanje biolo\u0161ke dobi sporta\u0161a nu\u017eno za u\u010dinkovito prilago\u0111avanje trena\u017enog podra\u017eaja. Na\u0161a studija nije uklju\u010divala kontrolnu skupinu koja bi sudjelovala samo u nogometnim treninzima, budu\u0107i da je vizija kluba razvijati fizi\u010dke performanse igra\u010da kroz trening otpora u svim dobnim skupinama. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nadalje, zbog malog broja testova performansi mogli smo previdjeti neke va\u017ene aspekte performansi. S manjim brojem testova, studija mo\u017eda ne\u0107e obuhvatiti puni spektar sposobnosti unutar izmjerenih varijabli, \u0161to smanjuje ukupnu sveobuhvatnost nalaza. Stoga, nalaze treba tuma\u010diti s oprezom zbog ograni\u010denja. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zaklju\u010dak<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Rezultati ove studije pokazuju da uklju\u010divanje treninga otpora usmjerenog na brzinu, snagu ili kombinacije ova dva modaliteta treninga otpora mo\u017ee pobolj\u0161ati brzinu sprinta i mehani\u010dke sposobnosti u dje\u010djem nogometu. Ovo pobolj\u0161anje nazna\u010deno je smanjenjem vremena me\u0111udjelovanja sprinta uo\u010denog nakon trena\u017ene intervencije. Tijekom 6-tjednog razdoblja treninga otpora, sve tri skupine pokazale su pobolj\u0161anja u Fh0, bez zna\u010dajne promjene u Vh0. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Additionally, enhancements in mechanical sprinting capabilities were observed across all groups, as indicated by improvements in Phmax, RF and DRF variables. Our findings revealed improvements across all groups following the intervention. Interestingly, there was no significant change in the velocity component, suggesting that soccer players may have greater potential for improving their force production capacity, while their velocity capabilities appear to be already well-developed through soccer practice. Further research should explore the impact of maturational status on training efficacy to optimize individualized training approaches. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reference<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/journal.iusca.org\/index.php\/Journal\/article\/view\/392\/448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Introduction Soccer is a physically demanding sport that requires a combination of aerobic and anaerobic fitness. Soccer players need to sprint, accelerate quickly, and change direction to beat their opponents (Taylor et al., 2004, 2017). 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